Audre Lorde †The Defragmented Form

Audre Lorde – The Defragmented Form Free Online Research Papers It was Audre Lorde who gave birth to the idea of the erotic as power. She embraces it to be the passion, joy and connection within us all. Lorde distinguishes this power from the mere sensations involved in pornography, which represents the oppression of true feelings. She so boldly proclaims that, â€Å"We have been warned against it all of our lives by the male world, which values this depth of feeling enough to keep women around in order to exercise it in the service of men, but which fears this same depth too much to examine the possibilities of it within themselves† (537). And it is because of this fear, she continues, â€Å"The erotic has often been misnamed by men and used against women . It has been made into the confused, the trivial, the psychotic, the plasticized sensation.† What women of the feminist art movement are left with is the question of how to reclaim the erotic – their essence- through art. Kiki Smith has taken a vulnerable approach to reclaiming her body from society and in turn the erotic within herself. Through bold experimentation, she used her art to explore the wonders of the human body. By separating the body from its spirit, Smith strove to universalize the human experience through the depiction of the female form, thereby challenging the long tradition of male artists’ exploitation of the female body as a pornographic subject. Women in society are expected to be free of bodily functions. There is a lot of effort put in by woman to strip away any clues that they have human bodies. Smith personalizes, â€Å"I know, in my life, I feel oppressed a great deal by all these ideologies I’ve either internalized in my own psyche or am politically and socially confronted with every day† (McCormick). I an effort to battle this baggage she carried, Kiki began to explore the body and its natural function through a diversity of mediums. Her first piece was a latex hand covered in algae floating in a glass jar. This touches on the transient quality of the human body. Possibly, she was motivated by her father’s recent death at the time to express her contemplation of mortality. It was her father, famous minimalist sculptor Tony Smith, who infused her early years with art. I find it interesting that his death was the catalyst for her career as an artist. In an exhibit of Smith’s in New York’s Whitney Museum, an onlooker was bombarded with the workings of the body. Glass jars stood empty, each labeled with the fluid it was meant to hold: urine, sweat, semen, saliva, mucus, milk. On a pedestal nearby sat folded what looked to be flayed skin. A rib cage hung on the wall near sets of internal organs (Cotter). The beauty of this exhibit is that this wasn’t just â€Å"shock art†. I forced the viewer to question why they were so shocked by the inner workings of their own body. Her work is a comment on how detached we are from our own body. The pieces that I found most poetic were a set of three female figures. â€Å"Pee Body† was a form squatting with yellow beads flow out from her crotch, while â€Å"Train† displayed a proud figure standing tall with multiple strands of blood-red beads cascaded to the floor. The works are complimented by a crawling body of beeswax followed by what is meant to depict a ribbon of feces. I am so captivated by these three sculptures because undoubtedly the masses were completely repulsed by them. Why? Because society has drilled into us that these qualities that solidify us as humans rank up as the greatest of taboos. To be human would be to be equal and that just does match up with what we are taught. I believe her works to be successful at blowing these myths right out of the water. By invoking such revulsion in her audience, she is in effect shaking up the historical ideologies that thread through time. Smith is then empowering herself and others to shift their ideas of the female form and separate the content from the context. One of the most powerful illustrations of this persistence to evoke is her piece entitled â€Å"Virgin Mary†. Here stands a woman vulnerable, fragile and stripped of her skin, revealing the musculature beneath. This sculpture demystifies the icon of Mother Mary, leaving her an exposed human for all to dissect. The materials used in Smith’s work conveys just as much as the subject it describes. Her choices in medium resemble that of Eva Hesse. Hesse was known for using wax and rubber to attribute human qualities into her work. In effect, breathing life into her work. Not as minimalistic as Hesse, Smith experiments with an array of mediums into her work: metal, plaster, glass, beeswax, cotton, cardboard and the list continues to grow with each piece. When she first began her work, she was told that no one would take her seriously because she used â€Å"girl materials†. Her response was, â€Å"Okay, fuck you, I’m going to make everything really indestructible and you can’t take it away from me. You can say it’s shit, but at least you can’t say it’s shit because it’s going to self-destruct† (McCormick). She attempted to work with bronze and other sturdy materials, but eventually went back to more fragile materials. I think the latter choice in materials is profound when used with images of the body because the body itself is so frail and destructible. Her use of more temporary substances brings back the separation between form and matter, body and spirit. Within the negative spaces lies what Audre Lorde was referring to as the erotic. Another female artist that used art to process her relationship to her body was Frida Kahlo. Throughout her life, Frida suffered many illnesses and injuries and it seemed that her body had turned on her. Similar to Smith, Kahlo became an artist as a result of the imminent failure of the body. After a nearly fatal accident, a bedridden Kahlo began to paint. She employed the paint and canvas as an outlet to her pain. This pain, both physical and emotional, lasted a lifetime. Like Smith, her work was laced with blood and tears. Her paintings are a bit more autobiographical than Kiki’s because they are mostly self -portraits. Kahlo declares, â€Å"I paint myself because I am often alone and I am the subject I know best† (Herrara 181). I do speculate that these paintings helped her to make the distinction between herself and her body. In 1944, she painted â€Å"La Columna Rota† (The Broken Column) whch depicts a weeping Kahlo with a bound, broken body held up with a roman column as her spine. The image is disturbing and possibly not what those around her wished to see. But this was her truth, her human experience. By painting this she is able to somewhat separate herself from the physical pain she had experienced. Both artists force the viewer to experience the unpleasant. They beg of the audience to face and accept the fragility and vulnerability of life. Kiki did eventually engage in self-portraiture when she explored printmaking. She clarifies, â€Å"†¦I’m starting to use myself. Maybe because prints are this other world- they’re a secret entrance into using myself as a subject†¦ I’ve been much more self revealing in doing prints† (â€Å"Kiki†). Smith uses her own image to delve into the various kinds of printmaking. One of the most experimental was â€Å"Blue Lake† in which she flattened a three dimensional picture of herself onto a large piece of paper, constructing what looked to b e the image of a flayed body. Once again, Kiki used her art to segregate herself from her body. It is as if she has actually peeled her skin off to reveal what exists beneath. Kahlo deals with the piercing of the skin her piece entitled â€Å"Unos Cuantos Piquetitos† (a few small nips) where a dead woman lies on the hospital bed covered in cuts surrounded by blood. It is not just the similar concepts that move me to compare these two artists. In some works, I have found strikingly mimicked imagery and subject matter. Both have produced images of milking breast. Freda herself is being nursed by a solid woman that appears to be donning a primitive mask in â€Å"My nurse and I†. Smith’s â€Å"Untitled: (pink bosoms)† is a series of prints inspired by the myth of a goddess who spurts her milk to produce the Milky Way (â€Å"Kiki†). The series consists of simple images of breasts printed on magenta paper embellished with animated burst of milk. Both women have delivered works that emphasize the production of milk from within the ducts which focuses on a function that may be overlooked and underappreciated. These pieces address the themes of female nourishment and regeneration. One could even argue that it was art that had replaced the â€Å"milk† in their lives. The most fascinating connections between the art created by both Kahlo and Smith is the way Smith pulled two powerful images of Kahlo’s into one bold sculpture. Whether she did this purposefully or not, the similarities are eerie. In â€Å"The Little Deer†, Kahlo portrays herself as having the body of a deer that has been wounded by spears, once again using flawed object to refer to her injuries and brittle body. However in â€Å"My birth† Kahlo addresses her own birth and the loss of her many miscarriages. In this painting she is using the body to illustrate, â€Å"The one who gave birth to herself†¦ who wrote the most wonderful poem of her life† (Herrera). Smith has since then brought into being a sculpture that is a culmination of both of Frida’s works. â€Å"Born† is the life-size depiction of a small deer giving birth to a woman. Smith contributes that, â€Å"†¦making stuff about art is about the fact that one is born one self rather than that one is a capable breeder. Everyone is born. That’s how you get here, and it’s also something that you have to keep on repeating over and over again to make your life vital- to be like a phoenix, to make new, or renew, your life existence† (McCormick). â€Å"Pink bosoms† was not Smith’s only piece that addresses mythology. â€Å"Rapture† is a sculpture of Little Red Riding Hood stepping confidently out of the wolf’s gut. This brings us back to the notion of reclaiming ourselves from the bowels of society’s expectations and ideologies. There were other incidents where she dealt with mythological heroines, such as Alice in Wonderland. Kahlo also incorporated the Mexican mythological monkey into her several of her paintings. In â€Å"Self-Portrait with Monkey, she uses the monkey with a red ribbon wound around her neck to symbolize the metaphorical ties between herself and her pet. Smith also investigated this connection in â€Å"Lucy’s Daughters†. Our history’s first female heroine, Lucy, was a pre-historic hominid whose 3 million year old skeleton was found in Ethiopia (â€Å"Kiki†). This installation consists of sixty screen printed cotton female figures standing in the corner of a room. She used the structure of a inverted pyramid to resemble a family tree. A tree that began with one woman and represents an unbroken feminine chain from even before humankind (Haber). Today I stand as a member in that chain. The women artists before me have made valient attempts to strip themselves of the pornographic and renew the erotic. They have made audacious statements and allowed themselves to be vulnerable in order to expose the false ideologies that society has put on us in the name of femininity. They understood, as I understand, that the feminine- the erotic- exists in everyone. We all have bodies. These woman challenge themselves and their audience to ask one question. When stripped our fragile, ephemeral shell – when the body’s value is reduced to its functionality- what is it that lies beneath? Research Papers on Audre Lorde - The Defragmented FormHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMind Travel

Epidendrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Epidendrosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Epidendrosaurus (Greek for lizard in the tree); pronounced EP-ih-DEN-dro-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 6 inches long and a few ounces Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Tiny size; long arms with clawed hands About Epidendrosaurus Archaeopteryx gets all the headlines, but theres a convincing case to be made that Epidendrosaurus was the first reptile to be closer to a bird than to a dinosaur. This pint-sized theropod was less than half the size of its more famous cousin, and its a sure bet that it was covered with feathers. Most notably, Epidendrosaurus appears to have been adapted to an arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyleits small size would have made it a simple matter to hop from branch to branch, and its long, curved claws were likely used to pry insects from tree bark. So was the late Jurassic Epidendrosaurus really a bird rather than a dinosaur? As with all of the feathered dino-birds, as these reptiles are called, its impossible to say. Its better to think of the categories of bird and dinosaur as lying along a continuum, with some genera closer to either extreme and some smack in the middle. (By the way, some paleontologists believe that Epidendrosaurus should actually be subsumed under another dino-bird genus, Scansoriopteryx.)

Developing Effective Employment Relationships Essay - 2

Developing Effective Employment Relationships - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that businesses today face a lot of challenges, ranging from international competition growth to changes in the technology market that impact business direction. One of the most fundamental challenges is establishing effective employment relationships, both in a recessionary environment and in a more conducive and stable economic climate. To build effective employee/manager relationships, there are several leadership models that provide valuable human resources-based outcomes. These include transformational leadership, laissez-faire leadership, and transactional leadership. All three of these models have differing approaches to building successful employment relationships, either focusing on autonomy, inspiration and vision iteration, or establishing effective rewards for meeting performance targets. Whatever model utilized in the organizational environment, there are opportunities and challenges associated with how employees will respond i n a recessionary environment and when economic conditions are more favorable for business growth and development. During a recession, employees begin to find personal concern about their employment security. Job security, under respected models of psychology, is a fundamental need that must be fulfilled before the employee can achieve self-esteem, a sense of social belonging, or achieve full self-actualization; the process of reaching the pinnacle of motivation and self-expansion. When employees feel that their jobs are in jeopardy, they will be more resistant to enacting change processes and will be de-motivated toward meeting performance expectations. When employees feel that their job positions are in jeopardy due to economic recession or business slowdowns occurring as a result of the macro-level economic environment, they are less motivated to perform under Expectancy Theory. Under this theory, employees choose a certain behavior based on the perceived desirability of the outco me of this behavior. Economic recessions often lead to internal job reductions through layoffs, thus consolidating job roles until the recession has run its life cycle and business returns back to expected levels of profitability. Employees that have remained behind and witnessed job losses with important reference group colleagues and associates, issues of job security are fresh on the minds of the employee.

Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example It is quite profitable to establish a restaurant in the area where this industry is actually flourishing. Buenos Aires has a large tourist influx each year. Not only are the tourist influx, but there several business people who travel to this busy city every now and then. The main concern for the tourists and business people from different parts of the world is the food that they will be getting in the foreign country. The marketing plan is basically for a restaurant that has to be opened in the busy city of Buenos Aires. The restaurant will be situated in the city of Buenos Aires and will provide with the high-quality food. It will not only provide with quality food but also with a place that will be full of comfort. In a hospitality industry servicescape plays a major role. It is the ambience that attracts the customers. It is the servicescape that helps the target market to relate to a particular restaurant or any other service industry. The new restaurant will be targeting the to urists and business people and also the locals. The target market is further discussed under the heading of the target market of the marketing plan. Market Segmentation For any industry, market segmentation is a really important aspect. It helps to make a clear map of the target market and helps to trace out those segments that can provide with the maximum profits. Similarly for this restaurant market segmentation is done on the basis of profits. The target market has been segmented into tourists, locals, business people, children, adults, old age and minorities from different ethnic backgrounds. The market segment of tourists, locals and business people provide with the highest profitability. Thus these market segments have been targeted and are further discussed in the marketing plan. Target Market As mentioned earlier in the introduction and the market segmentation, the target market of the new restaurant will be the tourists and business people from all around the world who visi t Buenos Aires. Business people do not mean that they will be businessmen but it means people who are visiting the city for some official or work purpose. The age segment that the restaurant will be targeting is 16 years and above. The restaurant will not cater to the children market. In addition to the tourists and the officials, the restaurant will also be targeting the locals. The question arises that how will the restaurant target such diverse market segments. The answer lies in the set up of the restaurant and the menu that it will serve. The menu will include a wide variety of dishes. These dishes will belong to different cuisines. The restaurant will basically serve the Chinese, Italian, Mexican and Lebanese cuisines. The restaurant will be partitioned according to the different cuisines that it will offer. In addition to this partition, each parted portion will carry the respective theme. For example the part of the restaurant where Chinese is served will have a Chinese ambi ence and same goes for the other cuisines. This will give an exotic touch to the food and can also be the differentiation point for the restaurant. In order to serve the local target audience the restaurant will also provide with the local cuisines in addition to the world famous cuisines. Localization The restaurant will focus on the local trends as well. It will incorporate local culture along with the international cultures on the basis of which

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Example for Free

The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-1939 Essay Tragically in 1939, after three years of bitter civil war and with the loss of around 750,000 Spanish lives, Spain fell to the rule of a Fascist dictatorship that was to last for almost four decades. The Spanish tragedy has been told and analysed by countless historians, and of these works Gabriel Jacksons The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939 is widely referred to as the definitive liberal history of the Spanish Republic. Jackson begins with an outline of the nineteenth century monarchical and political upheavals that preceded the birth of the Spanish republic in 1931. From there, we are given a detailed account of events leading to Francos final victory in 1939 and finally a synopsis which attempts to address some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Jacksons depiction. One such criticism is that Jackson leaves a crucial part of the story untold, namely that of the struggle of workers and peasants against not just the nationalist forces, but too against the conditions of capitalism and semi-feudalism. One of Jacksons most ardent critics has been Noam Chomsky, who through his Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship has provided an excellent theoretical framework to enable a critical reading of Jackson, primarily in his depiction of events from 1936-1937. In this work Chomsky points to the subordination of liberal intelligencia, universities in particular, to the military- industrial complex, in this case the American State and big business. In other words, writers of ostensibly objective historical works become compromised by their social, economic and political ties to the prevailing ideology, leading them to interpret events with the notion in mind of the inevitability and desirability of bourgeois democracy. Alongside this, according to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the largely humanist-oriented, occasionally ideologically-minded intellectual-dissenter, who sees his role largely in terms of proffering social critiques, is rapidly being displaced either by experts and specialists, who become involved in special governmental undertakings, or by the generalists-integrators, who become in effect house-ideologies for those in power, providing overall intellectual integration for disparate actions.1 The search for objective truth then is subordinated in these instances to the subjectivity of the author/investigator and in the final instance we are given a partial and distorted view of historical events, as is the case with Jacksons work. The motivations and actions of those directly involved are written out of the story, and instead the logic of liberal scholarship gives precedence to the political leadership of the natural parties of government. As Chomsky points out, Jackson makes it abundantly clear that he is, in favour of liberal democracy, as represented by figures such as Azana, Casares Quiroga, Martinez Barrio, and other responsible national leaders. and, makes little attempt to disguise his antipathy towards the forces of popular revolution in Spain, or their goals. 2 Therefore, mass action is generally regarded as of secondary importance to the manoeuvrings of the Popular Front government, even when in practice it was often powerless. Further, when these masses threaten the natural order of capitalist production, by acts of collectivisation, expropriation, land seizure and abolition of money, they are described as, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, counterproductive, ill educated, fundamentally conservative and misled. Only when these masses follow the lead and policies of the natural elite does Jackson recognise and applaud mass contribution, and Jackson fails to recognise the crucial nature of the revolutionary/counterrevolutionary period from the summer of 1936 to 1937 in which, the revolution was largely spontaneous with mass participation of anarchist and socialist industrial and agricultural workers; the counterrevolution was under communist direction3 To partly summarise Chomskys criticisms, two examples of Jacksons subjective analysis of this period are, the role of the Communist Party in Spain and collectivisation in Catalonia. Under a Moscow directive, the PCE was founded in Spain with only 800 members in 1930. This number grew to around 20,000 in 1934 while the PCE had dropped its social fascist stance regarding other left groupings, to embrace all parties of the left under the Popular Front umbrella. Stalin had concluded that international fascismposed a threat after allHis answer was the adoption during 1934/35 of a Popular Front policy for resisting fascism.4 This membership grew to over 250,000 during the first eight months of the war, 40% of this number being made up the petit bourgeoisie. The PCE, again under orders from Moscow, embraced bourgeois democracy, their only task to defend the Republic, and revolutionary action by the masses was not on Stalins agenda. In responding to a plea from help from Spains Popular Front government, Stalin was perusing what he perceived to be in the foreign policy interest of the Soviet UnionWhat Soviet aidbegan to reach Spain in October 1936, was emphatically not intended to advance the cause of social revolution in Republican Spain.5 Jackson however claims, The interrupted movement toward world revolution, as well as the security of the Soviet Union, might well be advanced by a Republican victory in Spain.6 Chomsky rightly regards Jacksons view of The Soviet Union as a nation hungry to embrace world revolution as entirely mistaken, and indeed the Soviet Union of the 1930s had come a long way from the days of the storming of the Winter Palace in the November Revolution of 1917. Russia is a totalitarian regimethe frame of mind its leaders is cynical and opportunist. To expect such men to lead a social revolution in Spain, where the wildest idealism is combined with great independence of character, was out of the question.7 Political purges and show trials in the Soviet Union in 1934-36 had seen potential political opposition to Stalin brutally removed, many being accused, as was Leon Trotsky, of having been in league with Hitler. Russia was then a country with a revolutionary past, not a revolutionary present.8 Stalins main aim in 1936 was to ward off any threat from Hitlers Germany, by allying himself with Britain and France. Accordingly, a proletarian revolution in Spain could not be allowed to succeed, bringing as it would a threat of instability to ruling classes the world over, and a shift in the balance of European power. Communist policy as regards Spain then was one of subordinating their [PCE] national policies to the USSRs supposed international interests.9 In effect this meant the defence of all legitimate middle-class authority at the expense the grass root militancy that could have helped avert the tragic outcome to Spains civil war. As one communist student of the time, critical of such policy noted, But a more revolutionary course will only frighten the democracies, people said. What nonsense! The capitalist democracies were frightened enough already by what was happening in Spain. Stalin wont agree, said others. But was that the case? Would Stalin not have had to do what he did anyway and a lot more, perhaps if we had pursued a more revolutionary course? Could he afford to be seen betraying a proletarian revolution?10 The next bone of contention, is the account Jackson gives of collectivisation. In the initial process of collectivisation, Jackson berates unions in Valencia and Barcelona for abusing their sudden authority to place the sign incautado on all manner of buildings and vehicles.11 However, as Chomsky notes, this wording belies Jacksons ignorance towards the reality of the revolutionary situation. While Jackson recognises the occurrence of ..the most profound social revolution since the fifteenth century..12, it seems that he is not inclined to recognise the actions that are an integral part of such a profound social revolution. Later, Jackson claims that in 1936, the revolutionary tide began to ebb in Cataloniaaccumulating food and supply problems, and the experience of administering villages, frontier posts, and public utilities, had rapidly shown the anarchists the unexpected complexity of modern society.13 Chomsky on the other hand points to the attack led by the Communist Party to destroy the gains made by workers and peasants without the blessing of any legitimate government force. First win the war then make the revolution, was the slogan that epitomised the drive to subordinate the revolutionary aspirations of the masses to the will of the legitimate powers. Collectivisation brought order to the chaotic situation All the parties and organisations solemnly agreed to respect the letter and the spirit of the new law; but within three months the Republican parties were systematically obstructing it; and soon afterwards the communists were sabotaging it..14 and International capitalism was determined to do everything in its power to force the failure of the collectivised Catalan economy.15 Chomsky too challenges Jacksons attitude towards and analysis of war production and distribution in collectivised areas. For example, In Catalonia, the CNT factory committees dragged their heels on war production, claiming that the government deprived them of raw materials and was favouring the bourgeoisie,16 Firstly this is in stark contrast to Jacksons charitable attitude towards production methods in fascist controlled areas, and his fairly uncritical depiction of later communist methods which involved substantially restoring a free market in essential without any apparent benefits to the war effort. Secondly, as Chomsky notes, Jackson does not substantiate his statement with fact. These two criticisms perhaps point to another instance where Jackson noticeably favours traditional capitalist production against that of the collective. In any case, evidence points to the fact that while conditions were favourable, with access to raw materials for example, collective production rivalled that elsewhere in Spain. The war industry in Catalonia had produced ten times more than the rest of Spanish industry put together and .this output could have been quadrupled as from beginning of September if Catalonia had had access to the necessary raw materials that were unobtainable in Spanish territory.17 Further, it is evident that the central government denied much needed financial assistance because of its lack of sympathy with, rather hostility towards collectivisation. Only in exchange for government control would they give financial assistance.18 Whatever accusations may be levelled at the running of the collectives, at least two points must be remembered. Firstly, in many instances, collectivisation came as the result of a huge surge from below, The revolution was like a dog shaking itself when it comes out of the water the Spanish people shaking itself free of 400 years injustice. There was nothing we militants could do but go ahead or shoot ourselves.19 Secondly, against overwhelming odds, the Catalan working class kept collectivised production going for thirty months of war.20 In conclusion, this paper has only managed to briefly capture Chomskys detailed criticism of Jackson, and to follow on from Chomsky is no easy task given his coherent, thoroughly researched critique. Chomsky highlights Jacksons apparent lack of understanding of the true nature of revolutionary struggle, which leads him to mistakenly identify the 1930s Soviet Union as a revolutionary force and to disparage the actions of mass movements lacking conventional political leadership. The first mistaken belief is, as Chomsky points out, entirely in keeping with the American Cold War mythology that has invented an international Communist conspiracy directed from Moscow to justify its own interventionist policies.21 The two beliefs together lead him to significantly underplay the destructive role played by Communist policy in Spain, which, while not wholly to blame for the Fascist victory, significantly dented the workers will to fight. Many theorists have argued that only a successful revolution could have ultimately beaten the fascists, and that an early arming of workers could have averted three years of carnage. However, We werent being armed because the Republican authorities were more frightened of the working class than off the military. (Francisco Cabrera, Communist Youth, Seville) Communist insistence on an exclusively Popular Front, petty bourgeois programme was disastrous, which ultimately undermined the fight against Fascism. The loss of the Civil War in Spain to the fascists was more than just a military defeat, as in the words of Ronald Fraser, For the objective was not only to castigate the defeated but to crush for all time working class militancy and the threat of socialist revolution, so that Spanish capitalism could prosper. Quotes 1 Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship, p30 2 Chomsky, p75 3 Chomsky, p81 4 Blinkhorn, Democracy and Civil War in Spain, p36 5 Blinkhorn, p36 6 Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, p259 7 Chomsky, p84 8 Chomsky, p85 9 Fraser, Blood of Spain, p328 10 Fraser, p329 11 Jackson, p279 12 Jackson, p277 13 Jackson, p314 14 Fraser, p215 15 Fraser, p216 16 Jackson, p365 17 Chomsky, p89 18 Chomsky, p90 19 Fraser, p229 20 Fraser, p234 21 Chomsky, p86 Bibliography Jackson, G, 1965, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-1939, Princeton University Press Fraser, R, 1979, Blood of Spain, Penguin Blinkhorn, M, Democracy and Civil War in Spain Chomsky, N, Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship

Improving First Year /teacher Support Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"She has been teaching for three years. Her students really like her. She’s dedicated. She’s energetic. She’s creative†¦. She’s quitting† (Michigan Education Association, 2000). This left a school district asking a very simple question; why? Novice teachers enter the career full of questions. What should I do the first day? What curriculum do I teach? How should I arrange the classroom? Who are my students? How will I manage my classroom? What resources are available to me? What does the principal expect? Too many times these questions go unanswered. New teachers are handed their keys, shown to their rooms, and left to fend for themselves. The lack of support for first year teachers is a national problem. â€Å"Addressing the learning needs of new teachers can improve both the rate of teacher retention and quality of the teaching profession† (Ballinger, 2000). In a country where there are more people leaving the profession than entering it, the questions of new teacher training and support is a very important one. â€Å"Typically, principals hire the best qualified teachers from an applicant pool. These new teachers traditionally receive a brief orientation and a warm welcome at the first faculty meeting. But from then on, first-year teachers are usually left on their own and offered very little assistance. No matter what their backgrounds or capabilities, they are given the same responsibilities as 20-year veterans† (Jambor, 1997)! Many school districts nationwide face the challenge...

The Three Waves of Feminism

The Three Big Waves of Feminism First-Wave Feminism: Women’s Right to Vote In 1776, the then First Lady of the United States was the first to raise her about women’s rights, telling her husband to â€Å"remember the ladies† in his drafting of new laws, yet it took more than 100 years for men like John Adams to actually do so. With the help of half a dozen determined, and in this case white upper-middle-class, women the first-wave feminism, which spans from the 19th century to the early 20th century, finally led to their goal after 72 years of protesting. The Nineteenth Amendment, which secured the rights for women to vote finally passed in 1920.This grand victory brought other reforms along, including reforms in the educational system, in healthcare and in the workplace. Second-Wave Feminism: Personal Means Political The First-Wave was significant to feminism as it established a safe footing from where women could start off. The second wave of feminism, however, was crucial to everything that followed after. This wave marked everything the early 1960's to the late 1980's. Of course feminism didn’t die out completely, in between the first and second wave feminism, as the media tried to make many people believe.In fact feminism was still a topic among women; they just didn’t crowd at polling stations anymore. Instead many small groups of women activists were fighting for birth control or the women peace movement. Then, during the Second World War women suddenly played a major role as work forces and could get a taste of independency. Though after the war, now that the men were back with their glorified heroism, it was expected of women to silently head back into the kitchen and act out their â€Å"natural† role as mother and wife, which has been pressed onto them from the very start. You can read also WavesObviously that didn’t sit well with many of them. However before the the Women’s Liberation movement and before the Sexual Revolution in 1968, there have been the Civil Rights Movement and the antiwar movement. Those two were the first two major social movements to be displayed through television, as well as they were the forerunners of the following feminist movement. They showed that women, too, could become political. Women from Rosa Parks to Coretta Scott King made political protest seem necessary and encouraged many women all over America, regardless of race and ethnic background, to speak up for their rights.It was the feminist movement’s turn then to get real personal and by getting real personal it didn’t get any less political. Women had enough of the sexual harassment and domestic violence going on behind doors, of being kept out of law and medical schools and thus being restricted to low paid jobs, of being confined not on ly in domestic but also in public spheres. To make it short: women had enough of being looked down at. With these problems the key demands of this movement were: â€Å"the right to safe and legal abortion, the right to accessible and affordable childcare, and the equal opportunities in education and employment†.Another demand was more support of battered women's shelters, and changes in custody and divorce law. This wave of feminism brought up the most of changes regarding women and laws. Affirmative Action rights for women were extended and acts like the Women’s Educational Equity Act, which allowed educational equality for women, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which prohibited â€Å"sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy†, were passed. Amongst these acts a law passed in 1975 that required the U. S.Military Academies to admit women, as well as marital rape was made illegal and the no-fault divorce legal. Even though the last two laws were not recognize d by all states, it was still considered an enormous success. In the early 1980s the biggest strength of the second wave, the grand diversity of feminism and organisations, suddenly became its biggest weakness as the media started the so called â€Å"feminist sex wars† by pitting women, especially two of them, against each other, trying to destroy the image of sisterhood pointedly.Even though the Women’s Liberation movement clearly refused to pick a leader, the media singled out Gloria Steinem as the leader of this movement. Gloria Steinem was a single and childless career woman, who compared marriage to prostitution and insisted that â€Å"if men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament†. On the other side there was the media’s darling Phyllis Schlafly, who almost single-handedly brought down the Equal Rights Amendment. Also known as the ERA, this mendment demanded that the â€Å"equality of rights under the law shall not be denied nor abridged by the United States or any state on the account of sex†. It was first introduced by Alice Paul in 1923, a woman truly ahead of her time, but didn’t get ratified by enough states to get legalized. Whether this happened because of Phyllis Schlafly herself or the way media presented the feminists of that time is debatable. In the end the ERA may not have gotten legalized and women were still oppressed, but sisterhood was very much alive and blooming.In sisterhood women found strength and with this new found strength they started breaking the blockades which had been keeping them from climbing the career ladder and decided that it was long past time to start taking charge of their own lives. Third-Wave Feminism: Finally Diversity After ERA was defeated, a vast amount of media coverage over the supposed â€Å"death of feminism† appeared on the TV screen of Americans. Those who truly believed them were surely gobsmacked by the third wave of feminism which found its s tart in the mid-90’s.Caused by the Clarence Thomas confirmation hearings and the evident spite and disdain the accuser, Anita Hill, was met with by the all-male jury, women decided that once men crossed one line too many. The most obvious difference between the third wave movement and its sisters the first and second wave movements was the embracement of diversity. With feminism becoming global it became available for women of any race as well as any social class, but also threw away the mass media’s â€Å"ugly braless bubblehead† stereotype of feminists with women like Pinkfloor stating: â€Å"†It's possible to have a push-up bra and a brain at the same time. Being feminine and a feminist was no longer mutually exclusive and with the so-called â€Å"grrl† feminists, women started to show up as strong and empowering, while reclaiming everything feminine, from wearing high-heels to lipstick. The key demands of the Third Wave are much harder to pin p oint, as the range of issues grew by women not only concerning themselves with the gender oppression but with economic oppression and environmental issues as well.However one crucial aspect was the deconstruction of categorical thinking and its endless attack on unrealistic beauty ideals set for women ever since television was invented. The third wave of feminism has not ended yet. It is history in the making, as new issues to deal with arise as soon as old ones are solved. The probably greatest achievement of these waves is the awareness of oppression they’ve spread, the feeling of community between women they created as well as turning feminism from an abstract thought into a widely accepted truth.

Visual Argument Analysis: Pedigree’s Otis

Pedigree’s adoption drive advertisement is an emotional appeal aimed towards consumers that own pets. Through an argument based on emotion and values, the advertisement successfully proposes a plan of action towards the consumer audience to help dogs find a home. In essence, the advertisement logically reasons, â€Å"If you buy our food, we will donate money to dogs without a home. If we donate money to dogs without a home, you will save dogs.† Through clever techniques such as direct contact in camera orientation and a personal anecdote of the puppy, Pedigree convinces the audience through appeals to emotion and values that buying their products will, indeed, save a dog’s life. Pedigree’s advertisement’s intended audience is the consumer public. However, the advertisement’s actual audience can be considered one of all ages and all backgrounds rather than simply the consumer public. For example, a child can easily be persuaded by the emotional advertisement. Once the child has been persuaded, he or she will most likely tell his or her parents to buy the product rather than a different brand simply because of the cute puppy he or she saw on the print advertisement. Ultimately, through the emotional image and story, Pedigree breaks existing consumer loyalty that competing companies have by stealing the hearts of consumers, convincing them that by buying this product, the consumer will contribute to a larger change in the world rather than simply feeding their dog. Also, by using the name Otis for the Pug’s name, an older audience is aimed towards to evoke traditional, and emotional responses. One significant factor to understand when reading the print advertisement is to have watched the move The Adventures of Milo and Otis. The movie, in short, is about a cat and a dog that helps each other survive and find mates and homes together. Obviously being an emotion-evoking movie, it is important when a reader comes across the advertisement. Pedigree’s clever decision to name the Pug Otis causes the reader to recall the movie and automatically feel emotionally attached to the puppy, making it easier for Pedigree to convince its audience to purchase the product. Through the personal anecdote and image of the dog staring through a fence, Pedigree intends to make the audience feel compassion for the dog and hopefully buy the product that is said to help the dog. The argument is carried out by using an appeal to both emotions and values. The direct gaze of the dog makes the audience feel as if it is staring directly at them. Through this, the audience is put on a guilt trip that makes them think, â€Å"I must help this dog.† If the picture is not convincing enough, the audience may move on to the text. Already a large factor in the print advertisement because of its bright yellow color, the text is an anecdote of the average day for a homeless dog like Otis. The uneventful, despairing schedule causes the audience to pity the animal making room for Pedigree to further force the audience to take action and buy the product. Essentially, the advertisement tugs at the heart’s strings in order to promote the product. One last significant technique Pedigree uses is the final sentence within the text. It says, â€Å"Help us help dogs.† Being a very abrupt, short statement, Pedigree draws attention to the sentence by making it shorter than others and putting it in a bold face. Through reading the sentence, Pedigree makes the audience feel as if they are included in Pedigree’s movement of getting homeless dogs adopted. The audience is then provoked to feel as if they can contribute their part in the movement if they buy the product to help animals find â€Å"loving homes.† All in all, Pedigree utilizes appeals to emotion, values, tradition, and reason in order to persuade the audience to buy their product. Through these, Pedigree convinces the audience that buying their product will help them save a homeless dog. Pedigree chooses to use an emotion-evoking picture, personal anecdote, background information, and loaded text in order to persuade the audience that buying Pedigree pet food will ultimately help homeless animals.

Points of the Compass in Spanish

Points of the Compass in Spanish The directions of the compass in Spanish are vaguely similar to those of English and ultimately come from the same Indo-European roots. However, Spanish also has synonyms for some of the directions as well as special adjective forms that should be learned. Lists of Spanish Words for Directions of the Compass The primary points of the compass include: norte - northeste (or, less commonly, oriente) - eastsur - southoeste (or, less commonly, occidente)- west As in English, the directions can be combined to indicate intermediate points: nornoreste - north-northeastnoreste - northeastestenoreste - east-northeastestesudeste - east-southeastsudeste - southeastsudsudeste - south-southeastsudsudoeste - south-southwestsudoeste - southwestoestesudoeste - west-southwestoestenoroeste - west-northwestnoroeste - northwestnornoroeste - north-northwest In some areas, the use of sur- as the stem meaning south is preferred, so youll also hear the variations such sureste and suroeste alone as well as in combination forms such as sursureste. Combinations using oriente and occidente, such as suroccidente for southwest and nororiente for northeast, are also used. Adjective forms- such as the equivalents of northern and eastern- can be made by preceding the direction with del (literally, of the) as in del norte and del sur to mean northern and southern, respectively. These are indicated below along with the special adjective forms: del norte, norteà ±o, boreal, septentrional - northerndel este, oriental - easterndel sur, sureà ±o, austral, meridional - southerndel oeste, occidental - western To indicate direction of movement, forms such as del oeste or desde el oeste for from the west and hacia el oeste for toward the west are used. Thus, an easterly wind (one coming from the east) is a viento del este, while to say that a door faces east, for example, you could say la puerta mira hacia el este. A few geographical terms use the noun form where the adjectival form might be expected. In particular, the north and south poles are often called the polo norte and polo sur, respectively. Similarly, the northern and southern hemispheres are often called the hemisferio norte and hemisferio sur, respectively, although terms such as hemisferio boreal can also be used. Capitalization of Directions Normally, directions, whether as nouns or adjectives, are not capitalized in Spanish. However, they typically are capitalized when referring to a recognized region. For example: Antes de la guerra de Secesià ³n, la tensià ³n entre el Norte y el Sur era extrema. (Before the Civil War, the tensions between the North and the South was extreme.) However, if you were referring just to the southern U.S. in general, rather the specific states that form a recognized region, capitalization would not be necessary. Directions also are capitalized when part of a name, such as in Carolina del Norte (North Carolina), Corea del Sur (South Korea), and Mercado Comà ºn del Sur (the formal name for the Mercosur, an international South American trading market). Key Takeaways The four main directions of the compass in Spanish come from the same historic roots as the English terms and thus are vaguely similar.The four main directions can be combined to indicate intermediate points, such as noroeste for northwest.Special adjective forms, not always similar to the names of the directions, are sometimes in use. Sample Sentences for Compass Directions Habà ­a cuatro muertos y muchos heridos en accidente de autobà ºs en el norte de Colombia. (There were four deaths and many injured in a bus accident in northern Columbia.) Gracias a su privilegiada ubicacià ³n geogrfica, el Sudeste Asitico ha sido una regià ³n que ha crecido econà ³micamente en las à ºltimas dà ©cadas. (Thanks to its favorable geographical location, Southeast Asia has been a region that has grown economically in recent decades.) Alrededor de 200 personas participaron en el chapuzà ³n ms austral del mundo. (About 200 people participated in the worlds most southern ocean dip.) Los vientos alcanzaron una velocidad de 50 kilà ³metros por hora desde el nornoroeste. (The winds reached a speed of 50 kilometers per hour from the north-northwest.) La nocià ³n de que ideas occidentales son subversivas ha sido recibida con amplia incredulidad, particularmente entre intelectuales. (The notion that Western ideas are subversive has been received with great incredulity, particularly among intellectuals.) La Antrtida es el continente ms austral de la Tierra. (Antarctica is the Earths most southerly continent.) Sur global es un tà ©rmino utilizado en estudios postcoloniales y transnacionales que puede referirse tanto al tercer mundo como al conjunto de paà ­ses en và ­as de desarrollo. (Global south is a term used in postcolonial and transnational studies that can refer to the third world as a combination of the developing countries.)

Nihonium Facts - Element 113 or Nh

Nihonium Facts - Element 113 or Nh Nihonium is a radioactive synthetic element with the symbol Nh and atomic number 113. Because of its position on the periodic table, the element is expected to be a solid metal at room temperature. The discovery of element 113 was made official in 2016. To date, few atoms of the element have been produced, so little is known about its properties. Nihonium Basic Facts Symbol: Nh Atomic Number: 113 Element Classification: Metal Phase: probably solid Discovered By: Yuri Oganessian et al., Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (2004). Confirmation in 2012 by Japan. Nihonium Physical Data Atomic Weight: [286] Source: Scientists used a cyclotron to fire a rare calcium isotope at an americium target. Element 115 (moscovium) was created when the calcium and americium nuclei fused. The moscovium persisted for less than one-tenth of a second before decaying into element 113 (nihonium), which persisted for over a second. Name Origin: Scientists at Japans RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science proposed the element name. The name comes from the Japanese name for Japan (nihon) together with the -ium element suffix that is used for metals. Electronic Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 Element Group: group 13, boron group, p-block element Element Period: period 7 Melting Point:  700  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(430  Ã‚ °C, ​810  Ã‚ °F)  (predicted) Boiling Point:  1430  K ​(1130  Ã‚ °C, ​2070  Ã‚ °F)  (predicted) Density:  16  g/cm3  (predicted near room temperature) Heat of Fusion: 7.61 kJ/mol (predicted) Heat of Vaporization: 139 kJ/mol (predicted) Oxidation States:  Ã¢Ë†â€™1,  1,  3, 5  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(predicted) Atomic Radius: 170 picometers Isotopes: There are no known natural isotopes of nihonium. Radioactive isotopes have been produced by fusing atomic nuclei or else from the decay of heavier elements. Isotopes have atomic masses 278 and 282-286. All known isotopes decay via alpha decay. Toxicity: There is no known or expected biological role for element 113 in organisms. Its radioactivity makes it toxic.

Dance history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dance history - Assignment Example Sergei Diaghilev, the Great Russian impresario, is responsible for the commissioning of avant-garde musical artists into creating designs stage and costumes. He first settled in France where he formed a dance company called ‘Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo’ (Carter 17). His ballet dance is presented as one of the initial moves that avant-garde composers, writers, and painters join forces in creating a ballet. The revelation in this case is that Cunningham is both a great collaborator and a terrific partner in dancing. Further, the collaborative process continues changing as he ages and the physical limitations hit in (Carter 34). Other than originating their choreography through living and breathing dancers, they formulate dances through the manipulation of onscreen and computer-generated individuals. Many audiences feel that such a retreat across the direct involvement adds a level of difficulty to Cunninghams ballet collaborative process. In the original Rite of Spring by Nijinsky, the primary emphasis of the classical ballet dancer is on aspects of legwork even as there is simultaneous maintenance of upright carriage. For Cunningham’s Camera Beachbirds, the aspect begins presenting how Cunningham is utilizing elements regarding the expressive and the classical. Cunningham broadens this scope of expressive upper body of the dancer while integrating the motions with the footwork for classical ballet dancers. In Rite of Spring by Tero Saarinen, a number of dancers are within their initial studio areas as they turn or jump in place. Subsequent dancers run in alternate directions based on the stationary dancers while running and skipping across studio space (Carter 23). Within a number of specified points, there are elements of dancing looking similar to the previous pirouettes. In other of his pieces, Cunningham’s dancers develop extensive lateral movements that cover major areas for stage space as they both walk and run. Cunningham also

Public relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public relation - Essay Example The Boston Bruins ice-hockey team has also organized hockey games with other hockey clubs in order to build the strength of togetherness and to promote their public image in the state of Boston. The Boston Patriots football team has also played exhibition games in Foxboro to show the benefits of team work and the importance of people working together in order to protect their collective interests. In order to further boost their public image, these sporting clubs have also hired the services of great media intelligence solutions. Boston Celtics selected the VMS’s Media Monitoring and Analytics service at the end of 2010 in order to provide the basketball franchise with their media monitoring and analytics service. The three other Boston sporting clubs have also hired the services of media outfits in order to boost their image in the eyes of the public as this is very important in making them a marketable brand. These clubs make use of the monitoring and analytics service of th ese media outfits to keep record of their public relation activities. They also use the media outfits to keep track of their fan base and their followership from social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook.